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Human Molecular Genetics, 2001, Vol. 10, No. 23 2637-2644
© 2001 Oxford University Press

Defective nephrin trafficking caused by missense mutations in the NPHS1 gene: insight into the mechanisms of congenital nephrotic syndrome

Li Liu, Stefania Cotta Doné1, Jamshid Khoshnoodi, Alejandro Bertorello1, Jorma Wartiovaara2, Per-Olof Berggren1 and Karl Tryggvason+

Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, 1Department of Molecular Medicine, The Rolf Lufts Center for Diabetes Research, Karolinska Institutet Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden and 2Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland

Congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF or NPHS1) is an autosomal recessive kidney disorder resulting in severe proteinurea and renal dysfunction. Although the disease occurs predominantly in the Finnish population, many cases in other populations have also been reported. The disease gene (NPHS1) encodes nephrin, a podocyte transmembrane protein that is an essential component of the podocyte slit diaphragm, the renal ultrafilter. Since the discovery of the gene, many mutations have been reported in the NPHS1 gene in patients with diverse ethnic background. A surprisingly large number of these mutations are missense mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions. In order to study the pathomechanism of these missense mutations, we have investigated the fate of 21 such mutations hitherto identified in NPHS1 patients. Immunostaining of stable transfected cells expressing the nephrin mutants demonstrated that most of the mutants showed only endoplasmic reticulum (ER) staining and no detectable cell surface localization. Immunoelectron microscopy of cells expressing the wild-type and a mutant nephrin further confirmed that the mutant nephrin could be abundantly found in the ER but not on the plasma membrane. Subcellular fractionation of wild-type and a mutant cell line clearly showed an altered subcellular distribution and molecular mobility of the mutant nephrin. In summary, our data indicate that a defective intracellular nephrin transport, most likely due to misfolding, is the most common consequence of missense mutations in NPHS1.

+ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +46 8 728 7720; Fax: +46 8 31 6165; Email: karl.tryggvason@mbb.ki.se


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