Human Molecular Genetics, 2003, Vol. 12, No. 8 859-867
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg094
© 2003 Oxford University Press
Haplotypes extending across ACE are associated with Alzheimer's disease
1Department of Care of the Elderly, University of Bristol, The John James Building, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK, 2Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 3Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 4Department of Psychology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden, 5Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, 6Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, 7Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK and 8Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Transfusion Medicine, University of Göteborg, Sahlgren's University Hospital, Sweden
Received December 12, 2002; Accepted February 7, 2003
Numerous genes have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but, with the exception of a demonstrated association with the 
4 allele of APOE, findings have not been consistently replicated across populations. One of the most widely studied is the gene for angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE ). A meta-analysis of published data on a common Alu indel polymorphism in ACE was performed which indicated highly significant association of the insertion allele with AD (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.19 – 1.41; P=4x10-8). To further explore the influence of ACE on AD, several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in five independent populations represented by over 3100 individuals. Analyses based upon single markers and haplotypes revealed strong evidence of association in case – control models and also in a model examining the influence of variation in ACE upon cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid ß42 peptide (Aß42). The most significant evidence for association with AD was found for an SNP, A-262T, located in the ACE promoter (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.33 –1.94; P=2x10-5). Estimates of population attributable risk for the common allele of this SNP suggest that it, or an allele in tight linkage disequilibrium (LD) with it, may contribute to as much as 35% of AD in the general population. Results support a model whereby decreased ACE activity may influence AD susceptibility by a mechanism involving ß-amyloid metabolism.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Karolinska Institute, Berzeliusväg 35, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 87286274; Fax: +46 8324826; Email: Jonathan.Prince{at}cgb.ki.se
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