Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access originally published online on June 15, 2004
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Human Molecular Genetics, 2004, Vol. 13, No. 16 1785-1791
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh183
Human Molecular Genetics, Vol. 13, No. 16 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved
Rapid evolution of primate antiviral enzyme APOBEC3G
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Received April 23, 2004; Accepted June 3, 2004
Human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G and the virion infectivity factor (vif) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a pair of antagonistic molecules. In the absence of vif, APOBEC3G induces a high rate of dC to dU mutations in the nascent reverse transcripts of HIV that leads to the degradation of the HIV genome. HIV vif, on the other hand, can suppress the translation and trigger the degradation of human APOBEC3G. Here, we studied the rate of APOBEC3G gene evolution from five hominoids and two Old World monkeys. Averaged across the entire coding region, the rate of non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions is 
1.4 times the rate of synonymous substitutions, strongly suggesting that APOBEC3G has been under positive Darwinian selection. A comparison between the nucleotide polymorphisms within humans and the substitutions among the seven primates reveals a significant excess of non-synonymous substitutions. Furthermore, the rate of charge-altering non-synonymous substitution is 1.8 times that of charge-conserving substitution, indicating that the selection is promoting the diversity of the protein charge profile. However, no difference in selective pressure on APOBEC3G is detected between hosts and non-hosts of HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). These results, together with recent findings that the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G is not limited to HIV/SIV, suggest that the selective pressure on APOBEC3G is not solely from HIV/SIV and that APOBEC3G is a broad antiviral enzyme. The identification of pervasive positive selection for charge-altering amino acid substitutions supports the hypothesis of electrostatic interactions between APOBEC3G and vif or its functional equivalents.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 3003 Natural Science Building, 830 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Tel: +1 7347630527; Fax: +1 7347630544; Email: jianzhi{at}umich.edu
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