Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access originally published online on January 6, 2004
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Human Molecular Genetics, 2004, Vol. 13, No. 5 525-534
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh048
Mutations in ABCA4 result in accumulation of lipofuscin before slowing of the retinoid cycle: a reappraisal of the human disease sequence
1Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA and 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
Received October 21, 2003; Accepted December 17, 2003
Mutations in ABCA4, which encodes a photoreceptor specific ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCR), cause autosomal recessive forms of human blindness due to retinal degeneration (RD) including Stargardt disease. The exact disease sequence leading to photoreceptor and vision loss in ABCA4-RD is not known. Extrapolation from murine and in vitro studies predicts that two of the earliest pathophysiological features resulting from disturbed ABCR function in man would be slowed kinetics of the retinoid cycle and accelerated deposition of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). To determine the human pathogenetic sequence, we studied surrogate measures of retinoid cycle kinetics, lipofuscin accumulation, and rod and cone photoreceptor and RPE loss in ABCA4-RD patients with a wide spectrum of disease severities. There were different extents of photoreceptor/RPE loss and lipofuscin accumulation in different regions of the retina. Slowing of retinoid cycle kinetics was not present in all patients; when present, it was not homogeneous across the retina; and the extent of slowing correlated well with the degree of degeneration. The orderly relationship between these phenotypic features permitted the development of a model of disease sequence in ABCA4-RD. The model predicted lipofuscin accumulation as a key and early component of the disease expression in man, as in mice. In man, however, abnormal slowing of the rod and cone retinoid cycle occurs at later stages of the disease sequence. Knowledge of the human ABCA4 disease sequence will be critical for defining rates of progression, selecting appropriate patients and retinal locations for future therapy, and choosing appropriate treatment outcomes.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 51 North 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Email: cideciya{at}mail.med.upenn.edu
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