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Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access originally published online on August 4, 2005
Human Molecular Genetics 2005 14(18):2619-2627; doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi295
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

The establishment of a predictive mutational model of the forkhead domain through the analyses of FOXC2 missense mutations identified in patients with hereditary lymphedema with distichiasis

Fred B. Berry1,*, Yahya Tamimi2, Michelle V. Carle1, Ordan J. Lehmann1,2 and Michael A. Walter1,2

1Department of Ophthalmology and 2Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7

* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: 832 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7. Tel: +1 7804923028; Fax: +1 7804926934; Email: fberry{at}ualberta.ca

Received June 8, 2005; Revised July 28, 2005; Accepted July 28, 2005

The FOX family of transcription factor genes is an evolutionary conserved, yet functionally diverse class of transcription factors that are important for regulation of energy homeostasis, development and oncogenesis. The proteins encoded by FOX genes are characterized by a conserved DNA-binding domain known as the forkhead domain (FHD). To date, disease-causing mutations have been identified in eight human FOX genes. Many of these mutations result in single amino acid substitutions in the FHD. We analyzed the molecular consequences of two disease-causing missense mutations (R121H and S125L) occurring in the FHD of the FOXC2 gene that were identified in patients with hereditary lymphedema with distichiasis (LD) to test the predictive capacity of a FHD structure/function model. On the basis of the FOXC2 solution structure, both FOXC2 missense mutations are located on the DNA-recognition helix of the FHD. A mutation model based on the parologous FOXC1 protein predicts that these FOXC2 missense mutations will impair the DNA-binding and transcriptional activation ability of the FOXC2 protein. When these mutations were analyzed biochemically, we found that both mutations did indeed reduce the DNA binding and transcriptional capacity. In addition, the R121H mutation affected nuclear localization of FOXC2. Together, these data indicate that these FOXC2 missense mutations are functional nulls and that FOXC2 haploinsufficiency underlies hereditary LD and validates the predictive ability of the FOXC1-based FHD mutational model.


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