Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access originally published online on May 3, 2007
Human Molecular Genetics 2007 16(12):1488-1494; doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm099
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Severe mental retardation with breathing abnormalities (Pitt–Hopkins syndrome) is caused by haploinsufficiency of the neuronal bHLH transcription factor TCF4
1 Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53111 Bonn, Germany, 2 Institute of Human Genetics and 3 Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany, 4 Department of Developmental Biology, Institute Biology 1, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, 5 The Hegau Jugendwerk GmbH, 78262 Gailingen, Germany and 6 Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Wilhelmstrasse 31, D-53111 Bonn, Germany. Tel: +49 22828722159; Fax: +49 22828722380E-mail: , ruthild.weber{at}ukb.uni-bonn.de
Received March 5, 2007; Revised April 2, 2007; Accepted April 11, 2007
Pitt–Hopkins syndrome (PHS) is a rare syndromic mental disorder, which is mainly characterized by severe motor and mental retardation including absent language development, a characteristic facial gestalt and episodes of hyperventilation. We report on a female patient with PHS showing severe mental retardation with absent speech, pronounced muscular hypotonia, ataxia, distinctive facial features, such as a coarse face, a broad nasal bridge and a wide mouth, and hyperventilation attacks. In this patient, genomic profiling by array-based comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies detected and confirmed a de novo 0.5 Mb deletion in 18q21.2 containing a single gene, the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TCF4. cDNA and genomic analyses in the patient and her parents demonstrated TCF4 haploinsufficiency as the underlying cause of the disease. Analysis of the embryonal expression pattern of the Danio rerio ortholog, tcf4, by whole-mount in situ hybridization showed a highly specific expression domain in the pallium of the telencephalon during late somitogenesis, when the patterning of the zebrafish brain is advanced and neural differentiation commences. Later expression domains were restricted to several regions in the central nervous system, including continued expression in the pallium of the telencephalon, and starting expression in the diencephalon (thalamus, ventral thalamus and posterior tuberculum), the midbrain tegmentum, the hindbrain and the branchial arches. This expression pattern correlates with the clinical phenotype. Our results show that haploinsufficiency of TCF4 causes PHS and suggest that D. rerio is a valuable model to study the molecular pathogenesis of PHS and the role of TCF4 in brain development.
The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors.
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