Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access originally published online on September 19, 2007
Human Molecular Genetics 2007 16(24):3081-3087; doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm266
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BNP is a transcriptional target of the short stature homeobox gene SHOX
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1 Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, 2 Department of Pediatrics, Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg, Gotlindestrasse 2-20, 10356 Berlin, Germany, 3 Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands and 4 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht-Karls-University at Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Tel: +49 6221565059; Fax: +49 6221565332; Email: gudrun_rappold{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de
Received July 27, 2007; Revised September 6, 2007; Accepted September 16, 2007
Short stature due to SHOX deficiency represents a common congenital form of growth failure and is involved in the aetiology of ‘idiopathic’ short stature and the growth deficits and skeletal anomalies in Leri–Weill, Langer and Turner syndromes. Although much is known on the clinical and molecular aspects of SHOX haploinsufficiency, the integration of SHOX in the signalling pathways regulating bone growth is currently not defined. Here we identify NPPB encoding the natriuretic peptide, BNP, a well-known cardiac and natriuretic peptide hormone, as a transcriptional target of SHOX. The ability of SHOX to transactivate the NPPB endogenous promoter was demonstrated in luciferase reporter assays using serial deletions of the NPPB promotor region. Binding of SHOX to the NPPB promoter was also demonstrated in vivo by chromatin fixation and immunoprecipitation. We also demonstrate the lack of promoter activation in two SHOX mutants from patients with Leri–Weill syndrome. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of human growth plate sections showed for the first time a co-expression of BNP and SHOX in late proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Together these data strongly suggest that BNP represents a direct target of SHOX.
The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors.
Present address: German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
The sequence of the BNP gene is available under the accession number BC025785 [GenBank] . Information on the genomic sequence of the BNP promoter region can be obtained under the accession number D16641 [GenBank] .
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