Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access originally published online on August 13, 2008
Human Molecular Genetics 2008 17(21):3303-3317; doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn226
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Different regulation of wild-type and mutant Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase localization in mammalian mitochondria
Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, A-505, New York, NY 10065, USA. Tel: +1 2127464605; Fax: +1 2127468276; Email: gim2004{at}med.cornell.edu
Received May 13, 2008; Revised July 16, 2008; Accepted July 31, 2008
The antioxidant enzyme Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is predominantly localized in the cytosol, but it is also found in mitochondria. Studies in yeast suggest that apoSOD1 is imported into mitochondria and trapped inside by folding and maturation, which is facilitated by its copper chaperone for SOD1 (CCS). Here, we show that in mammalian cells, SOD1 mitochondrial localization is dictated by its folding state, which is modulated by several interconnected factors. First, the intracellular distribution of CCS determines SOD1 partitioning in cytosol and mitochondria: CCS localization in the cytosol prevents SOD1 mitochondrial import, whereas CCS in mitochondria increases it. Second, the Mia40/Erv1 pathway for import of small intermembrane space proteins participates in CCS mitochondrial import in a respiratory chain-dependent manner. Third, CCS mitochondrial import is regulated by oxygen concentration: high (20%) oxygen prevents import, whereas physiological (6%) oxygen promotes it. Therefore, SOD1 localization responds to changes in environmental conditions following redistribution of CCS, which operates as an oxygen sensor. Fourth, all of the cysteine residues in human SOD1 are critical for its retention in mitochondria due to their involvement in intramolecular disulfide bonds and in the interaction with CCS. Mutations in SOD1 are associated with autosomal dominant familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Like the wild-type protein, mutant SOD1 localizes to mitochondria, where it induces bioenergetic defects. We find that the physiological regulation of mitochondrial localization is either inefficient or absent in SOD1 pathogenic mutants. We propose misfolding and aggregation of these mutants that trap them inside mitochondria.
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