Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access originally published online on August 26, 2008
Human Molecular Genetics 2008 17(23):3675-3685; doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn262
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Gene–environment interactions in the causation of neural tube defects: folate deficiency increases susceptibility conferred by loss of Pax3 function
1 Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3 School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 2079052217; Fax: +44 2078314366; Email: n.greene{at}ich.ucl.ac.uk
Received June 16, 2008; Revised August 4, 2008; Accepted August 24, 2008
Risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) is determined by genetic and environmental factors, among which folate status appears to play a key role. However, the precise nature of the link between low folate status and NTDs is poorly understood, and it remains unclear how folic acid prevents NTDs. We investigated the effect of folate level on risk of NTDs in splotch (Sp2H) mice, which carry a mutation in Pax3. Dietary folate restriction results in reduced maternal blood folate, elevated plasma homocysteine and reduced embryonic folate content. Folate deficiency does not cause NTDs in wild-type mice, but causes a significant increase in cranial NTDs among Sp2H embryos, demonstrating a gene–environment interaction. Control treatments, in which intermediate levels of folate are supplied, suggest that NTD risk is related to embryonic folate concentration, not maternal blood folate concentration. Notably, the effect of folate deficiency appears more deleterious in female embryos than males, since defects are not prevented by exogenous folic acid. Folate-deficient embryos exhibit developmental delay and growth retardation. However, folate content normalized to protein content is appropriate for developmental stage, suggesting that folate availability places a tight limit on growth and development. Folate-deficient embryos also exhibit a reduced ratio of s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). This could indicate inhibition of the methylation cycle, but we did not detect any diminution in global DNA methylation, in contrast to embryos in which the methylation cycle was specifically inhibited. Hence, folate deficiency increases the risk of NTDs in genetically predisposed splotch embryos, probably via embryonic growth retardation.