This article appears in the following Human Molecular Genetics issue: Stem Cells and Regeneration [View the issue table of contents]
Multiple layers of molecular controls modulate self-renewal and neuronal lineage specification of embryonic stem cells
1 Laboratory of Genetics 2 Crick-Jacobs Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA 3 BD Biosciences, 11077 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: gage{at}salk.edu
Received February 13, 2008; Revised February 13, 2008; Accepted February 28, 2008
Elucidating the molecular changes that arise during neural differentiation and fate specification is crucial for building accurate in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Here we review the importance of hESCs and derived progenitors in treating and modeling neurological diseases, and summarize the current efforts for the differentiation of hESCs into neural progenitors and defined neurons. We recapitulate the recent findings and discuss open questions on aspects of molecular control of gene expression by chromatin modification and methylation, posttranscriptional regulation by alternative splicing and the action of microRNAs, and protein modification. An integrative view of the different levels will hopefully provide much needed insight into understanding stem cell biology.
These authors contributed equally to this work.