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Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access originally published online on March 4, 2009
Human Molecular Genetics 2009 18(10):1879-1888; doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp108
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Deletion of Gtl2, imprinted non-coding RNA, with its differentially methylated region induces lethal parent-origin-dependent defects in mice

Nozomi Takahashi1, Akira Okamoto1, Ryota Kobayashi1, Motomu Shirai1, Yayoi Obata1, Hidehiko Ogawa1, Yusuke Sotomaru2 and Tomohiro Kono1,*

1 Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan 2 Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel/Fax: +81 354772543; Email: tomohiro{at}nodai.ac.jp

Received December 24, 2008; Revised February 16, 2009; Accepted March 3, 2009

The cluster of imprinted genes located in the Dlk1–Dio3 domain spanning 1 Mb plays an essential role in controlling pre- and postnatal growth and differentiation in mice and humans. The failure of parent-of-origin-dependent gene expression in this domain results in grave disorders, leading to death in some cases. However, little is known about the role of maternally expressed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including many miRNAs and snoRNAs in this domain. In order to further understand the role of these ncRNAs, we created Gtl2-mutant mice harboring a 10 kb deletion in exons 1–5. The mutant mice exhibited a very unique inheritance mode: when the deletion was inherited from the mother (Mat-KO), the pups were born with normal phenotypes; however, all of them died within 4 weeks after birth, probably due to severely hypoplastic pulmonary alveoli and hepatocellular necrosis. Mice carrying the paternal deletion (Pat-KO) showed severe growth retardation and perinatal lethality. Interestingly, the homozygous mutants (Homo-KO) survived and developed into fertile adults. Our results show that these phenotypes occur due to altered expression of the Dlk1–Dio3 cluster genes including miRNAs and snoRNAs via the cis and trans effects.


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