Human Molecular Genetics, Vol 4, 1765-1777, Copyright © 1995 by Oxford University Press
BD Hendrich and HF Willard
Epigenetic gene regulation refers to different states of phenotypic
expression caused by differential effects of chromosome or chromatin
packaging rather than by differences in DNA sequence. Examples of
epigenetic regulation can be found in organisms as diverse as the yeasts
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the fruit fly
Drosophila melanogaster, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and mammals.
Three major types of epigenetic regulation are considered in this review:
dosage compensation, imprinting and position effect variegation. While the
specific details and mechanisms of each is quite different, they all
involve either local or extensive alterations in chromatin structure. A
number of genes implicated in epigenetic regulation have been isolated and
their products identified as proteins or RNA molecules involved at various
levels in DNA, chromatin or chromosome binding. While in general our
understanding of mammalian epigenetic phenomena is not as advanced as that
in model systems, the detailed molecular and genetic understanding of
processes responsible for conditional gene silencing in invertebrate
systems provides strong models for consideration of such effects in human
and mouse genetics.
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Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: the effect of altered chromatin structure from yeast to mammals
Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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