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Human Molecular Genetics, 2000, Vol. 9, No. 19 2789-2797
© 2000 Oxford University Press

Huntingtin: an iron-regulated protein essential for normal nuclear and perinuclear organelles

Paige Hilditch-Maguire, Flavia Trettel, Lucius A. Passani, Anna Auerbach1, Francesca Persichetti and Marcy E. MacDonald+

Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA and 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA

Huntington’s disease (HD), with its selective neuronal cell loss, is caused by an elongated glutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. To discover the pathways that are candidates for the protein’s normal and/or abnormal function, we surveyed 19 classes of organelle in Hdhex4/5/Hdhex4/5 knock-out compared with wild-type embryonic stem cells to identify any that might be affected by huntingtin deficiency. Although the majority did not differ, dramatic changes in six classes revealed that huntingtin’s function is essential for the normal nuclear (nucleoli, transcription factor-speckles) and perinuclear membrane (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and recycling endosomes) organelles and for proper regulation of the iron pathway. Moreover, upmodulation by deferoxamine mesylate implicates huntingtin as an iron-response protein. However, excess huntingtin produced abnormal organelles that resemble the deficiency phenotype, suggesting the importance of huntingtin level to the protein’s normal pathway. Thus, organelles that require huntingtin to function suggest roles for the protein in RNA biogenesis, trafficking and iron homeostasis to be explored in HD pathogenesis.

+ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 617 726 5089; Fax: +1 617 726 5735; Email: macdonam@helix.mgh.harvard.edu


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