Skip Navigation


Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access originally published online on March 5, 2008
Human Molecular Genetics 2008 17(12):1798-1802; doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn070
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
17/12/1798    most recent
ddn070v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Meyre, D.
Right arrow Articles by Froguel, P.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Meyre, D.
Right arrow Articles by Froguel, P.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

R125W coding variant in TBC1D1 confers risk for familial obesity and contributes to linkage on chromosome 4p14 in the French population

David Meyre1, Morgane Farge1, Cécile Lecoeur1, Christine Proenca1, Emmanuelle Durand1, Frédéric Allegaert1, Jean Tichet2, Michel Marre3, Beverley Balkau4, Jacques Weill5, Jérôme Delplanque1 and Philippe Froguel1,6,*

1 CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France 2 Institut inter Régional pour la Santé, Tours, France 3 Department of Diabetology, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France 4 INSERM U780-IFR69, Villejuif, France 5 Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, France 6 Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. Tel: +44 2083833989; Email: p.froguel{at}imperial.ac.uk

Received November 27, 2007; Accepted March 4, 2008


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
 FUNDING
 REFERENCES
 
Stone et al. previously reported an association between the TBC1D1 gene variant R125W (rs35859249) and severe obesity in women from US pedigrees. We attempted to replicate this result in 9714 French Caucasian individuals, combining family-based and general population studies. We confirmed an association with familial obesity (defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 97th percentile) in women from 1109 obesity-selected pedigrees (Z-score = 2.70, P = 0.008). Analysis of 16 microsatellite markers on chromosome 4 restricted to the 42 pedigrees carrying the TBC1D1 R125W variant allele also revealed a suggestive evidence of linkage with obesity (maximum likelihood binomial LOD of 2.73, P = 0.0002) on chromosome 4p14, where resides TBC1D1. In contrast, R125W variant was neither associated with BMI nor with obesity in a large population-based cohort. These results confirm a putative role of TBC1D1 R125W variant in familial obesity predisposition.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
 FUNDING
 REFERENCES
 
Stone et al. (1) previously identified a linkage to severe obesity in women at chromosome 4p15-14 in Caucasian US pedigrees. This interval was also linked to BMI in a Mexican-American cohort (2). More recently, Stone et al. (3) provided compelling data supporting the association of a non-synonymous polymorphism (R125W, rs35859249) in TBC1D1 gene with severe familial obesity in women only. They also showed that this polymorphism accounted for the majority of the evidence of linkage on chromosome 4p15-14. In contrast, the 125W variant was not enriched in a set of 173 random obesity cases. Interestingly, by selecting pedigrees that segregated R125W with obesity, they were able to generate a new peak of linkage for obesity predisposition on chromosome 4q34–35, suggesting gene/gene interaction between TBC1D1 and another obesity gene located at 4q34–35 (3). As recently outlined by the INSIG2 studies (4–12), the replication of promising association data in additional samples is mandatory to exclude spurious conclusions (13). To our knowledge, no report confirmed the original report of association of TBC1D1 with obesity. This prompted us to assess the contribution of R125W to obesity and BMI variation in 1109 French pedigrees with childhood or adult obesity and also in a large French general adult population (n = 4634).


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
 FUNDING
 REFERENCES
 
The R125W minor allele frequency was 9.2% in pedigrees with childhood or adult obesity and was 10.1% in the general population, in agreement with frequency previously reported in the Utah population (9%) (3).

The genotypic distribution of R125W was in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05) in all the studied cohorts.

Familial association between R125W and obesity
We first genotyped the R125W polymorphism in 1109 French Caucasian pedigrees with obese children or adults (n = 5080). Phenotypic characteristics of the pedigrees are summarized in Table 1. We only tested the additive mode of inheritance, previously described as the best fitting mode of inheritance for the variant R125W (3). Using the 97th BMI percentile as threshold for obesity in children and adults, a borderline significant over-transmission of the 125W risk allele to obese subjects was found (Z-score = 1.99, P = 0.05). When restricting this analysis to women only, we observed a stronger familial association with obesity (Z-score = 2.70, P = 0.008). The same analysis restricted to men did not show any association with obesity (Z-score = 0, P = 1).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1. Characteristics of the different cohorts. We detailed the sample size, sex ratio, mean and SD for age, BMI and BMI Z-score traits in the different studied cohort

 
In order to tag the TBC1D1 locus and 10 kb upstream and 10 kb downstream of the gene, we have used the data of our recently genotyped Illumina 370 CNV duo arrays in 920 French women with extreme familial obesity and 920 French lean control women. Forty-five SNPs were genotyped in the Illumina array in this region and we performed case–control analysis under the additive model. Four SNPs (rs11096913, rs2925956, 1364951, rs13110318) harbored nominal evidence of association (0.01 ≤ P ≤ 0.045) but no SNP survived to a conservative Bonferroni correction (data not shown). It suggests that except for the R125W polymorphism, the gene variation in TBC1D1 does not play a major role in susceptibility to familial extreme obesity in French women.

TBC1D1 R125W and linkage with obesity on chromosomes 4p14 and 4q34–35
The pedigrees analyzed for linkage were a subset of the 1109 French Caucasian pedigrees with obese children or adults assessed for familial association between R125W and obesity. We selected 16 microsatellite markers covering the chromosome 4 with an average spacing between markers of 13.5 cm and previously genotyped in 395 French pedigrees with at least two sibs with a BMI ≥ 97th percentile (14–16). We then analyzed the linkage with obesity (BMI ≥ 97th percentile) on chromosome 4 in the whole pedigree sample, and in the sub-group of 42 pedigrees polymorphic for the TBC1D1 R125W variant (at least two obese sibs sharing at least one copy of the R125W variant allele), as previously conducted in US pedigrees (3). Non-parametric multipoint analyses in the whole pedigree sample did not reveal any suggestive linkage with obesity on chromosome 4 (Fig. 1). In contrast, we found a suggestive evidence of linkage with obesity on chromosome 4p14 (maximum likelihood binomial LOD: 2.73, P = 0.0002; closest marker D4S405; one-LOD unit: 4p15-4q13.3: D4S391 (52.40 cm)-D4S392 (79.98 cm)), when analyzing apart the 42 pedigrees polymorphic for the TBC1D1 R125W variant. The marker D4S405 was located close to the TBC1D1 gene (2.2 Mb on the physical map). We were unable to generate a new peak of linkage for obesity predisposition on chromosome 4q34–35 in this subgroup of 42 French pedigrees (Fig. 1). Gender-specific analyses did not show stronger evidence of linkage with obesity (data not shown).


Figure 1
View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 1. Results of the maximum likelihood binomial (MLB) multipoint analyses on chromosome 4. The obesity affection trait (defined by BMI ≥ 97th percentile) was studied. The y-axis indicates the LOD score. Solid curves correspond to the analysis of 395 French families with at least two sibs with a BMI ≥ 97th percentile. Dashed curves correspond to the analysis of a sub-group of 42 pedigrees co-segregating for TBC1D1 R125W polymorphism (at least two obese sibs sharing at least one copy of the R125W variant allele). A Genethon map was used (cm). Physical position (in Mb, NCBi Build 35 assembly) of the markers was indicated in brackets.

 
Association between R125W and obesity in a large French general population
To assess the contribution of R125W polymorphism to BMI variation and obesity predisposition in a general population (not enriched in subjects with severe familial obesity), we genotyped the French prospective DESIR cohort (n = 4,634; Table 1). We first analyzed the R125W variant at baseline. We were not able to detect any association between the polymorphism and overweight (25 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2) or moderate obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; Table 2). We then analyzed the genotype distribution of R125W in subjects unaffected at baseline who developed overweight or obesity during the 9-year follow-up period. Again, people carrying the 125W polymorphism did not show higher incidence of overweight or obesity (Table 3, Fig. 2). We did not observe any association between R125W polymorphism and BMI or waist-to-hip ratio at baseline (Table 2) or using mixed model analyses on the whole data set (data not shown). Gender-specific analyses did not show any association with quantitative/binary traits, at baseline and during the follow-up (data not shown). Power calculation with alpha level = 0.05 indicates power higher than 80% to detect association between overweight or obesity at baseline or during the 9-year follow-up period and R125W considering an odd ratios of 1.45.


Figure 2
View larger version (6K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 2. Incidences of overweight (A) and obesity (B) in the French general population according to the TBC1D1 R125W genotypes. The prospective value for overweight and obesity was measured using Cox-survival models adjusted for age and gender. For the TBC1D1 125W variant allele, the hazard ratios (HR) for overweight and obesity were 1.05 [0.89–1.24] (P = 0.6) and 0.88 [0.67–1.14] (P = 0.3) respectively.

 


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2. TBC1D1 R125W genotype frequencies, according to overweight and obesity status at baseline, and odds ratios for disease status in comparison with lean controls at all four three-yearly examinations: the DESIR study

 


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3. TBC1D1 R125W genotype frequencies, according to incident overweight and obesity status after 9 years of follow-up, and odds-ratios in comparison with lean controls at all four three-yearly examinations: the DESIR study

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
 FUNDING
 REFERENCES
 
In this study, we were able to replicate the previous association between R125W and familial severe obesity in US women (3) in an independent French cohort. This result was based on the pedigree disequilibrium test analysis of a large number of obesity-selected French pedigrees (n = 1109), and was therefore robust to population stratification bias. Another confirmation of the work of Stone et al. (3) was the lack of association between TBC1D1 R125W variant and random mild obesity in a large general French population (n = 4634), even though we had a limited (<80%) power to detect effect size lower than 1.45 in our design. This observation suggests that cases with familial forms of severe obesity are a high-value resource to identify susceptibility genes, but may be not fully representative of most common forms of the disease. This may also explain why promising associations with familial forms of obesity, obtained from positional cloning approaches (17,18) have not been reproducibly replicated in other cohorts (19–21). These observations combined with other recent reports (22,23) suggest that stratifying according to the family history of the disease may be of interest in replication studies, to avoid misleading conclusions.

Stone et al. (3) previously showed that the TBC1D1 R125W polymorphism accounted for the majority of the evidence of linkage on chromosome 4p15-14 in Caucasian US pedigrees. In this previous report, the HLOD score for obesity dropped from 9.0 to 2.8 after discarding the women with at least one copy of the R125W variant allele (3). Our results further support a potential contribution of TBC1D1 R125W polymorphism to the linkage with obesity on chromosome 4p15-14 in French pedigrees. Non-parametric multipoint analyses in the whole pedigree sample did not reveal any linkage with obesity on chromosome 4. However, we found a suggestive evidence of linkage with obesity on chromosome 4p14 (LOD maximum likelihood binomial: 2.73, P = 0.0002; closest marker D4S405 in the vicinity of TBC1D1 gene) in the subgroup of 42 pedigrees carrying the TBC1D1 125W variant (11% of the entire set), even though the pedigree selection procedure (at least two obese sibs sharing at least one copy of the R125W variant allele) can lead to an inflation of the LOD score on chromosome 4p14. This result confirms that linkage approaches can successfully identify susceptibility genes with reliable association with obesity (24). We were unable to generate an interacting linkage peak on chromosome 4q34–35 in the 42 French pedigrees carrying the TBC1D1 125W variant (Fig. 1), as previously observed in US pedigrees (3). Further replication is required to definitively conclude about such an interaction between chromosomes 4p14 and 4q34–35, as the number of pedigrees (n = 42) involved in the present analysis and in the US initial report (n = 26) is not sufficient to reach definite conclusions. In addition, it remains possible that Stone et al., (3) by selecting pedigrees that segregated R125W with obesity, have enriched their subset for a disease-causing allele at 4q34–35 by chance. The recent identification of a novel obesity locus on chromosome 4q35 in American Indian populations is concordant with this hypothesis (25).

In summary, the replication of a possible role of TBC1D1 coding gene variation in genetic predisposition of severe familial obesity in French combined to a potential involvement of TBC1D1 protein in adipogenesis process (26) and in insulin pathways through GLUT4 translocation (27) further support the candidacy of TBC1D1 as a ‘thrifty’ gene as recently proposed by Koumanov et al. (28).


   MATERIAL AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
FUNDING
 REFERENCES
 
Subjects
A total of 9714 subjects were genotyped for TBC1D1 R125W. We tested familial association with obesity using 674 pedigrees with at least one obese child including 3181 individuals: 971 obese children, 288 non-obese children, 1282 parents and 640 grand parents; 435 pedigrees with severe adult obesity (at least one person with BMI > 35 kg/m2 and a first degree related with BMI > 30 kg/m2), including a total of 1864 individuals: 377 non-obese offspring, 653 obese offspring, 733 parents and 101 grand parents. From these 1109 families, we selected a subgroup of 395 pedigrees with at least two sibs having a BMI ≥ 97th percentile for further linkage analysis. Among these 395 pedigrees, 42 pedigrees displayed cosegregation between obesity and R125W (at least two obese sibs sharing at least one copy of the R125W variant allele). We also genotyped 4634 subjects (men and women aged between 30 and 65 years) who were participants of the DESIR prospective study in a general population (data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance syndrome), a 9-year follow-up study that aims to clarify the development of the insulin resistance syndrome (29). They came from 10 health examination centers in the western central part of France, and all participants signed informed consent. The study protocol was approved by all local ethic committees and an informed consent was obtained from each subject before participating in the study.

Genotyping
The rs35859249 SNP was genotyped with the TaqMan technology (Applied Biosystems). Conditions for the TaqMan reaction were 95°C for 10 min and followed by 50 cycles of 92°C for 15 s and 60°C for 1 min. There was a genotyping success rate of 98.3%, and a concordance rate of 100% from 781 duplicated DNA.

Statistical analysis
Tests for deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and for association in case–control used the DeFinetti program (http://linkage.rockefeller.edu/soft/). Logistic regression was used for overweight and obesity status, adjusting for confounding variables baseline age and sex. For familial association test, we used pedigree disequilibrium test implemented in UNPHASED software. To assess the effect of genotype on the incidence of new disease in participants who were healthy at baseline, we used Cox proportional hazard regression models. We used linear regression models for quantitative trait analyses. The linkage analysis was performed with the maximum likelihood binomial method implemented in the MLBGH software (30). SPSS 10.1 software was used for general statistical analyses. For statistical power calculation we used the program QUANTO (31).


   FUNDING
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
 FUNDING
REFERENCES
 
We thank ‘le Conseil Régional Nord Pas de Calais/FEDER’ and the ‘Agence Nationale de la Recherche’ for their financial support.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
We are indebted to all families who participated to this study.

Conflict of Interest statement. None declared.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
 FUNDING
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Stone S., Abkevich V., Hunt S.C., Gutin A., Russell D.L., Neff C.D., Riley R., Frech G.C., Hensel C.H., Jammulapati S., et al. A major predisposition locus for severe obesity, at 4p15-p14. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2002) 70:1459–1468.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  2. Arya R., Duggirala R., Jenkinson C.P., Almasy L., Blangero J., O’Connell P., Stern M.P. Evidence of a novel quantitative-trait locus for obesity on chromosome 4p in Mexican Americans. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2004) 74:272–282.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  3. Stone S., Abkevich V., Russell D.L., Riley R., Timms K., Tran T., Trem D., Frank D., Jammulapati S., Neff C.D., et al. TBC1D1 is a candidate for a severe obesity gene and evidence for a gene/gene interaction in obesity predisposition. Hum. Mol. Genet. (2006) 15:2709–2720.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  4. Herbert A., Gerry N.P., McQueen M.B., Heid I.M., Pfeufer A., Illig T., Wichmann H.E., Meitinger T., Hunter D., Hu F.B., et al. A common genetic variant is associated with adult and childhood obesity. Science (2006) 312:279–283.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  5. Hall D.H., Rahman T., Avery P.J., Keavney B. INSIG-2 promoter polymorphism and obesity related phenotypes: association study in 1428 members of 248 families. BMC Med. Genet. (2006) 7:83.[CrossRef][Medline]

  6. Dina C., Meyre D., Samson C., Tichet J., Marre M., Jouret B., Charles M.A., Balkau B., Froguel P. Comment on ‘A common genetic variant is associated with adult and childhood obesity. Science (2007) 315:187. author reply 187.

  7. Loos R.J., Barroso I., O’Rahilly S., Wareham N.J. Comment on ‘A common genetic variant is associated with adult and childhood obesity. Science (2007) 315:187. author reply 187.

  8. Rosskopf D., Bornhorst A., Rimmbach C., Schwahn C., Kayser A., Kruger A., Tessmann G., Geissler I., Kroemer H.K., Volzke H. Comment on ‘A common genetic variant is associated with adult and childhood obesity. Science (2007) 315:187. author reply 187.

  9. Skelly T., Pinheiro A.P., Lange L.A., Sullivan P.F. Is rs7566605, a SNP near INSIG2, associated with body mass in a randomized clinical trial of antipsychotics in schizophrenia? Mol. Psychiatry (2007) 12:321–322.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  10. Lyon H.N., Emilsson V., Hinney A., Heid I.M., Lasky-Su J., Zhu X., Thorleifsson G., Gunnarsdottir S., Walters G.B., Thorsteinsdottir U., et al. The association of a SNP upstream of INSIG2 with body mass index is reproduced in several but not all cohorts. PLoS Genet. (2007) 3:e61.[CrossRef][Medline]

  11. Smith A.J., Cooper J.A., Li L.K., Humphries S.E. INSIG2 gene polymorphism is not associated with obesity in Caucasian, Afro-Caribbean and Indian subjects. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) (2007) 31:1753–1755.[CrossRef][Medline]

  12. Kumar J., Sunkishala R.R., Karthikeyan G., Sengupta S. The common genetic variant upstream of INSIG2 gene is not associated with obesity in Indian population. Clin Genet (2007) 71:415–418.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  13. Moonesinghe R., Khoury M.J., Janssens A.C. Most published research findings are false-but a little replication goes a long way. PLoS Med. (2007) 4:e28.[CrossRef][Medline]

  14. Hager J., Dina C., Francke S., Dubois S., Houari M., Vatin V., Vaillant E., Lorentz N., Basdevant A., Clement K., et al. A genome-wide scan for human obesity genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 10. Nat. Genet. (1998) 20:304–308.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  15. Bell C.G., Benzinou M., Siddiq A., Lecoeur C., Dina C., Lemainque A., Clément K., Basdevant A., Guy-Grand B., Mein C.A., et al. Genomewide linkage analysis for severe obesity in French Caucasians finds significant susceptibility locus on chromosome 19q. Diabetes (2004) 53:1857–1865.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  16. Meyre D., Lecoeur C., Delplanque J., Francke S., Vatin V., Durand E., Weill J., Dina C., Froguel P. A genome-wide scan for childhood obesity-associated traits in French families shows significant linkage on chromosome 6q22.31–q23.2. Diabetes (2004) 53:803–811.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  17. Boutin P., Dina C., Vasseur F., Dubois S., Corset L., Séron K., Bekris L., Cabellon J., Neve B., Vasseur-Delannoy V., et al. GAD2 on chromosome 10p12 is a candidate gene for human obesity. PLOS Biol. (2003) 1:1–11.[Web of Science]

  18. Meyre D., Bouatia-Naji N., Tounian A., Samson C., Lecoeur C., Vatin V., Ghoussaini M., Wachter C., Hercberg S., Charpentier G., et al. Variants of ENPP1 are associated with childhood and adult obesity and increase the risk of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. Nat. Genet. (2005) 37:863–867.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  19. Swarbrick M.M., Waldenmaier B., Pennacchio L.A., Lind D.L., Cavazos M.M., Geller F., Merriman R., Ustaszewska A., Malloy M., Scherag A., et al. Lack of support for the association between GAD2 polymorphisms and severe human obesity. PLoS Biol. (2005) 3:e315.[CrossRef][Medline]

  20. Lyon H.N., Florez J.C., Bersaglieri T., Saxena R., Winckler W., Almgren P., Lindblad U., Tuomi T., Gaudet D., Zhu X., et al. Common variants in the ENPP1 Gene are not reproducibly associated with diabetes or obesity. Diabetes (2006) 55:3180–3184.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  21. Weedon M.N., Shields B., Hitman G., Walker M., McCarthy M.I., Hattersley A.T., Frayling T.M. No evidence of association of ENPP1 variants with type 2 diabetes or obesity in a study of 8,089 U.K. Caucasians. Diabetes (2006) 55:3175–3179.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  22. Meyre D., Bouatia-Naji N., Vatin V., Veslot J., Samson C., Tichet J., Marre M., Balkau B., Froguel P. ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism and obesity, hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes in the prospective DESIR Study. Diabetologia (2007) 50:2090–2096.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  23. De Silva N.M., Steele A., Shields B., Knight B., Parnell K., Weedon M.N., Hattersley A.T., Frayling T.M. The transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene is associated with Type 2 diabetes in UK community-based cases, but the risk allele frequency is reduced compared with UK cases selected for genetic studies. Diabet. Med. (2007) 24:1067–1072.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  24. Bell C.G., Walley A.J., Froguel P. The genetics of human obesity. Nat. Rev. Genet. (2005) 6:221–234.[Web of Science][Medline]

  25. Almasy L., Goring H.H., Diego V., Cole S., Laston S., Dyke B., Howard B.V., Lee E.T., Best L.G., Devereux R., et al. A novel obesity locus on chromosome 4q: the Strong Heart Family Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2007) 15:1741–1748.[Medline]

  26. Ross S.E., Erickson R.L., Gerin I., DeRose P.M., Bajnok L., Longo K.A., Misek D.E., Kuick R., Hanash S.M., Atkins K.B., et al. Microarray analyses during adipogenesis: understanding the effects of Wnt signaling on adipogenesis and the roles of liver X receptor alpha in adipocyte metabolism. Mol. Cell. Biol. (2002) 22:5989–5999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  27. Roach W.G., Chavez J.A., Miinea C.P., Lienhard G.E. Substrate specificity and effect on GLUT4 translocation of the Rab GTPase-activating protein Tbc1d1. Biochem. J. (2007) 403:353–358.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  28. Koumanov F., Holman G.D. Thrifty Tbc1d1 and Tbc1d4 proteins link signalling and membrane trafficking pathways. Biochem. J. (2007) 403:e9–e11.[CrossRef][Medline]

  29. Balkau B. An epidemiologic survey from a network of French Health Examination Centres, (D.E.S.I.R.): epidemiologic data on the insulin resistance syndrome. Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique (1996) 44:373–375.[Web of Science][Medline]

  30. Abel L., Muller-Myhsok B. Robustness and power of the maximum-likelihood-binomial and maximum- likelihood-score methods, in multipoint linkage analysis of affected-sibship data. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (1998) 63:638–647.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

  31. Gauderman W.J. Sample size requirements for matched case–control studies of gene–environment interaction. Stat. Med. (2002) 21:35–50.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
G. R. Peck, J. A. Chavez, W. G. Roach, B. A. Budnik, W. S. Lane, H. K. R. Karlsson, J. R. Zierath, and G. E. Lienhard
Insulin-stimulated Phosphorylation of the Rab GTPase-activating Protein TBC1D1 Regulates GLUT4 Translocation
J. Biol. Chem., October 30, 2009; 284(44): 30016 - 30023.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
S. E Leney and J. M Tavare
The molecular basis of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake: signalling, trafficking and potential drug targets
J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2009; 203(1): 1 - 18.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
17/12/1798    most recent
ddn070v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Meyre, D.
Right arrow Articles by Froguel, P.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Meyre, D.
Right arrow Articles by Froguel, P.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?