Human Molecular Genetics, Vol 7, 429-434, Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press
MJ Mitchell, SA Wilcox, JM Watson, JL Lerner, DR Woods, J Scheffler, JP Hearn, CE Bishop and JA Graves
Mammalian sex chromosomes are thought to be descended from a homologous
pair of autosomes: a testis-determining allele which defined the Y
chromosome arose, recombination between the nascent X and Y chromosomes
became restricted and the Y chromosome gradually lost its non-essential
genetic functions. This model was originally inferred from the occurrence
of few Y-linked genetic traits, pairing of the X and Y chromosomes during
male meiosis and, more recently, the existence of X- Y homologous genes.
The comparative analysis of such genes is a means by which the validity of
this model can be evaluated. One well-studied example of an X-Y homologous
gene is the ubiquitin activating enzyme gene ( UBE1 ), which is X-linked
with a distinct Y-linked gene in many eutherian ('placental') and
metatherian (marsupial) mammals. Nonetheless, no UBE1 homologue has yet
been detected on the human Y chromosome. Here we describe a more extensive
study of UBE1 homologues in primates and a prototherian mammal, the
platypus. Our findings indicate that UBE1 lies within the X-Y pairing
segment of the platypus but is absent from the human Y chromosome, having
been lost from the Y chromosome during evolution of the primate lineage.
Thus UBE1 illustrates the key steps of 'autosomal to X-specific' evolution
of genes on the sex chromosomes.
ARTICLES
The origin and loss of the ubiquitin activating enzyme gene on the mammalian Y chromosome
INSERM U406, Facult-e de M-edecine La Timone, 13385 Marseille, France. mitchell@ibdm.univ-mrs.fr
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