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Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access published online on June 1, 2005
Human Molecular Genetics, doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi208
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved
Received April 20, 2005
Revised May 19, 2005
Accepted May 26, 2005

Article

The Treacher Collins syndrome (TCOF1) gene product is involved in pre-rRNA methylation

Bianca Gonzales 1, Dale Henning 1, Rolando B. So 1, Jill Dixon 2, Michael J. Dixon 3, and Benigno C. Valdez 1*

1 Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
2 Dental School, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
3 Dental School, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Benigno C. Valdez, E-mail: bvaldez{at}bcm.tmc.edu


  Abstract

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is characterized by defects in craniofacial development that result from mutations in the TCOF1 gene. TCOF1 encodes the nucleolar phosphoprotein treacle which interacts with upstream binding factor (UBF) and affects transcription of the ribosomal DNA gene. The present study shows participation of treacle in the 2'-O-methylation of pre-rRNA. Antisense-mediated down-regulation of treacle expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes reduced 2'-O-methylation of pre-rRNA. Analysis of RNA isolated from wild type and Tcof1+/- heterozygous mouse embryos from strains that exhibit a lethal phenotype showed significant reduction in 2'-O-methylation at nucleotide C463 of 18S rRNA. The level of pseudouridylation of U1642 of 18S rRNA from the same RNA samples was not affected suggesting specificity. There is no significant difference in rRNA methylation between wild type and heterozygous embryos of DBA X BALB/c mice, which have no obvious craniofacial phenotype. The function of treacle in pre-rRNA methylation is most likely mediated by its direct physical interaction with NOP56, a component of the ribonucleoprotein methylation complex. While treacle co-localizes with UBF throughout mitosis, it co-localizes with NOP56 and fibrillarin, a putative methyl transferase, only during telophase when rDNA gene transcription and pre-rRNA methylation are known to commence. These observations suggest that treacle might link RNA polymerase I-catalyzed transcription and post-transcriptional modification of pre-rRNA. We hypothesize that haploinsufficiency of treacle in TCS patients results in inhibition of production of properly modified mature rRNA in addition to inhibition of rDNA gene transcription, which consequently affects proliferation and proper differentiation of specific embryonic cells during development.


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