Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access published online on August 23, 2005
Human Molecular Genetics, doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi322
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1 Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. We have examined expression during spermatogenesis in the mouse of three Y-linked genes, 11 X-linked genes and 22 autosomal genes, all previously shown to be germ-cell-specific and expressed in premeiotic spermatogonia, plus another 21 germ-cell-specific autosomal genes that initiate expression in meiotic spermatocytes. Our data demonstrate that, like sex-linked housekeeping genes, germ-cell-specific sex-linked genes are subject to meiotic sex-chromosome inactivation (MSCI). However, while all of the sex-linked genes we investigated underwent MSCI, 14/22 autosomal genes expressed in spermatogonia showed no decrease in expression in meiotic spermatocytes. This along with our observation that an additional 21 germ-cell-specific autosomal genes initiate or significantly up-regulate expression in spermatocytes confirms that MSCI is indeed a sex-chromosome-specific effect. Our results further demonstrate that the chromosome-wide repression imposed by MSCI is limited to meiotic spermatocytes and that postmeiotic expression of sex-linked genes is variable. Thus, 13/14 sex-linked genes we examined showed some degree of postmeiotic reactivation. The extent of postmeiotic reactivation of germ-cell-specific X-linked genes did not correlate with proximity to the X inactivation center or the Xist gene locus. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to differential gene regulation and the function of MSCI during spermatogenesis, including epigenetic programming of the future paternal genome during spermatogenesis.
Received May 12, 2005
Revised July 21, 2005
Accepted August 18, 2005
Article
Differential expression of sex-linked and autosomal germ-cell-specific genes during spermatogenesis in the mouse
2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
3 Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 N. Loop 1604 West, San Antonio, TX 78249
John R. McCarrey, E-mail: jmccarrey{at}utsa.edu
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