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Human Molecular Genetics Advance Access published online on August 7, 2006

Human Molecular Genetics, doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl209
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved
Received July 3, 2006
Accepted July 31, 2006

Article

Identification of the transcription factor Arntl2 as a candidate gene for the type 1 diabetes locus Idd6

Ming-Shiu Hung 1, Philip Avner 1, and Ute Christine Rogner 1 *

1 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Murine CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Ute Christine Rogner, E-mail: urogner{at}pasteur.fr


   Abstract

The Idd6 murine type 1 diabetes locus has been shown to control diabetes by regulating the protective activity of the peripheral immune system as demonstrated by diabetes transfer assays using splenocytes. The analysis of three novel subcongenic NOD.C3H strains has confirmed the presence of at least two diabetes related genes within the 5.8 Mb Idd6 interval with the disease protection conferred by splenocyte co-transfer being located to the 700 kb Idd6.3 subregion. This sub-interval contains the circadian rhythm related transcription factor Arntl2 (Bmal2), a homologue of the type 2 diabetes associated ARNT (HIF1ß) gene. Arntl2 exhibited a six-fold upregulation in spleens of the NOD.C3H 6.VIII congenic strain compared to the NOD control strain, strain-specific splice variants and a large number of polymorphisms in both coding and non-coding regions. Arntl2 upregulation was not associated with changes in the expression levels of other circadian genes in the spleen, but did correlate with the upregulation of the ARNT-binding motif containing Pla2g4a gene, that has recently been described as being protective for the progression of insulitis and autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse via regulation of the TNFalpha pathway. Our studies strongly suggest that the HIFß-homologous Arntl2 gene is involved in the control of type 1 diabetes.


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